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Inkjet prints ageing by ozone and light
Pasečná, Klára ; Jančovičová, Viera (referee) ; Veselý, Michal (advisor)
This thesis is focused on the effect of ozone on ink-jet prints. The knowledge about print technologies, materials for ink-jet printing, influence of environmental factors on the prints degradation and the methods of print lifetime estimation are discussed in the theoretical part of the thesis. Test-charts of 108 samples of C, M, Y primary colours and their overprints were prepared. I used two types of papers designed for ink-jet printing. These samples were exposed the effect of ozone in various concentrations to perform an accelerated aging experiment. Optical density values, La*b* coordinates, colour difference values were calculated from the measured spectral data. Changes of colours of the ink due to ozone exposure were determined and discussed. The validity of the reciprocal law due to ozone exposure was studied, too. The reciprocal behaviour was not confirmed for both types of the studied papers.
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A study on the Lightfastness of Color Prints
Štěpánková, Eva ; Reháková, Milena (referee) ; Dzik, Petr (advisor)
This paper gives a brief overview on the published and accepted standards and methods for colour photography and print lightfastness measuring and evaluating. A comparison of selected valid standards and evaluation suggestions has been made. Sample sets was produced by various photographic processes and printing techniques. Identical sample sets were used in both long-term and accelerated ageing experiment. In this thesis, the degradation speed is expressed as a formal rate constant, which was calculated from the dependence of normalized gamut volume on the exposure dose. Photographs and prints were compared on calculated lifetime basis. A failure of reciprocity law was observed, which indicates a lower credibility of estimated lifetime predictions based on accelerated ageing.
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Weathering and accelerated aging of high density polyethylene mixtures with regranulate
Bruzl, Dominik ; Tocháček, Jiří (referee) ; Bálková, Radka (advisor)
This master thesis deals with the effect of multiple extrusion (1, 2, 3) and the addition of 30, 60 and 90 % of this recycled material on the weathering and accelerated ageing of high density polyethylene (HDPE) copolymer. The weathering lasted 9 months and the accelerated ageing 1000 h at 65 °C. The degree of material degradation was assessed from changes in mechanical and physical properties and compositional changes using dynamic mechanical analysis and tensile testing, differential compensation calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and infrared spectrometry in the full attenuated reflection mode. The measurements showed that repeated extrusion as well as the addition of recycle material to the original one (R0) slightly slows down the photo-oxidative degradation during first month, but after that it does not have a negative or significant positive effect on the progress and rate of overall material degradation. A certain exception was the recycled material after the 3rd extrusion (R3), where the original properties comparable to R0 did not change much during ageing. The mechanical properties of the blends were better or comparable to R0 during ageing, but after months 6 and 9 the breaking strength of most of them decreased substantially as a result of the shortening of the chains. Accelerated ageing caused significant embrittlement in all samples, resulting in a reduction in yield strength by about half and almost immediate failure.
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Degradation of Inkjet Printouts
Stančík, Jiří ; Kaplanová, Marie (referee) ; Čeppan, Michal (referee) ; Veselý, Michal (advisor)
Inkjet printing technology became a popular technology for printing digital photographs in the last decade. There is a big variety of both original and alternative (cheaper) inks and print media for the consumers. But there is a question if the cheaper material provides also comparable printout quality. For this reason, it is important to test the properties of such inkjet printouts. There are several ways how to test the lightfastness of the printouts: long term storage under environmental conditions, or short, accelerated ageing tests. The stability of printouts is affected by many factors, such as ink-receiving layer, ink composition, UV and visible light intensity and air pollutants concentration in the environment. Some inkjet printouts exposed to light usually undergo surprisingly fast fading, but light is not the only dangerous condition for inkjet printout. The two types of test targets printed with dyebased inkjet inks on various paper types were subjected to both accelerated test in a xenon test chamber and light and environmental pollutants long-term test in a sunny indoor corridor. The values of light intensity were continuously monitored and samples properties were regularly measured with a spectrophotometer. Another type of testing included accelerated ozone ageing of inkjet dyes. The colour gamuts and gamut volumes were calculated from collected spectral data. Total colour difference E*ab was also evaluated, its increase served as a tool for finding the formal printout degradation rate constant. It was found out that the dyes in ink-receiving layers of printouts underwent significant degradation in all tested conditions. The degradation rate depended on the type of used print media. The reciprocity behaviour of printouts was also studied. Recent inkjet printouts testing miss some actual ISO norm which should show the way of effective lightfastness evaluation. One of the main aims of this work was to find some new and alternative ways of inkjet printouts lightfastness evaluation. The method of printed inks concentration determination from the test charts spectrophotometric measurements was also proposed.
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Ozone gas-fading of photographs
Védlová, Petra ; Kozáková, Zdenka (referee) ; Veselý, Michal (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with principels of inkjet printing, ink composition and print media. The paper also focuses on stability of inkjet prints, degradation of inks by ambient impacts, mechanisms of such degradations and protection against degradation. The experimental section examines the impact of ozone on gas-fading of injekt prints, which is one of the most important factors by degradation of dyes for both clasic prints and prints with protective varnish. In conclusion two methods for assessing dye degradation – colorimetric (by calculating the volume of the color gamut) and densitometric (by calculating optical densities) – are investigated and compared.
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Evaluation of pollutant impact on photographic images
Brablc, Tomáš ; Reháková, Milena (referee) ; Veselý, Michal (advisor)
This diploma thesis deals with the impact of pollutants on colour photography made by inkjet printing technology. There are summarized basic principles of inkjet printing, composition of inks and negative factors influencing the printout quality. The ozone was studied in the experimental part, because it has the stongest degrading effect of all common pollutants. The accelerated ageing test with changing the concentration of ozone and the time of exposure was performed. The test scales were made by using two different inks. The L*a*b* values and optical densities of selected fields were calculated from the reflectance spectra of 918 colour fileds. The colour gamut and its volume were calculated from the L*a*b* values. The changes of colour gamut volume correlated with the changes of optical densities. It emerged that using the colour gamut as the instrument of evaluation of the inkjet printout dyes degradation rate is eligible and it is suitable to recommend this method for the ozone accelerated tests.
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Fastness of Photographs Exposed to Light and Pollutants
Pasečná, Klára ; Havlínová, Bohuslava (referee) ; Veselý, Michal (advisor)
The bachelor thesis deals with a study of general influences of light and pollutants (mainly ozone) on ink printing. The theoretical part describes the basic principles of printing means, printing materials and some ways of ink print degradation. The experimental part focused on measuring specific coulometric quantities of a test pattern, which was done in the chamber for ozone development and the accelerated weathering device using light and heat (xenotest). An important finding from this study is that the influence of ozone on tested pigment ink is much smaller than the one of UV radiation. The most susceptible to degradation by radiation and ozone was yellow ink.
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Study of Inkjet Inks Degradative Processes
Samcová, Kateřina ; Čeppan, Michal (referee) ; Veselý, Michal (advisor)
This diploma thesis follows the degradation of inkjet print by ultraviolet radiation and ozone effect for different types of papers. Colour test charts for the evaluation of accelerated ageing effect of ultraviolet light and gas fading were designed. These test charts were printed by dye-based inks on selected receiving media and exposed to ozone-enriched environment, UV radiation and their combination. The colorimetric values L* a* b* were calculated from spectral data of all patches of the test charts. The ozone effect on the prints was evaluated in the terms of total colour difference and dye concentration. The degradation of dye caused by ozone was observed also in a long-term period, after the contact of sample with ozone was terminated. Results of printed samples accelerated ageing by UV radiation and those that were influenced by the ozone effect were evaluated in the same way. It was found out that UV radiation and ozone treatment have a different effect on the degradation of dyes. The degradation rate is also strongly influenced by the receiving layer composition of papers used for inkjet printing. Also the catalytic effect of dyes was evaluated.
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Weathering and accelerated aging of high density polyethylene mixtures with regranulate
Bruzl, Dominik ; Tocháček, Jiří (referee) ; Bálková, Radka (advisor)
This master thesis deals with the effect of multiple extrusion (1, 2, 3) and the addition of 30, 60 and 90 % of this recycled material on the weathering and accelerated ageing of high density polyethylene (HDPE) copolymer. The weathering lasted 9 months and the accelerated ageing 1000 h at 65 °C. The degree of material degradation was assessed from changes in mechanical and physical properties and compositional changes using dynamic mechanical analysis and tensile testing, differential compensation calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and infrared spectrometry in the full attenuated reflection mode. The measurements showed that repeated extrusion as well as the addition of recycle material to the original one (R0) slightly slows down the photo-oxidative degradation during first month, but after that it does not have a negative or significant positive effect on the progress and rate of overall material degradation. A certain exception was the recycled material after the 3rd extrusion (R3), where the original properties comparable to R0 did not change much during ageing. The mechanical properties of the blends were better or comparable to R0 during ageing, but after months 6 and 9 the breaking strength of most of them decreased substantially as a result of the shortening of the chains. Accelerated ageing caused significant embrittlement in all samples, resulting in a reduction in yield strength by about half and almost immediate failure.
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Application of analytical methods for analysis of dyes employed in works of art.
Svobodová, Eva ; Bosáková, Zuzana (advisor) ; Kopecká, Ivana (referee) ; Feltl, Ladislav (referee)
Natural organic dyes suffer from degradation during the time. Therefore, the works of art need to be restored and the identification of dyes by analytical methods is important here. The possibilities of using three separation (thin-layer chromatography - TLC, capillary zone electrophoresis - CZE, and micellar electrokinetic chromatography - MEKC) and two spectroscopic (infrared microspectroscopy - IR and Raman microspectroscopy) methods for the identification of red dyes (acaroid, brazil, dragon blood, kamala, logwood, cochineal, madder, lac, and sandalwood) were studied and critically discussed. In TLC, under optimised conditions (silicagel with octadecyl, 80/20 (v/v) MeOH/1% TEA in 0.1 mol·dm-3 acetate buffer, pH 5, and 80/20 (v/v) MeOH/1% TEA in 0.025 mol·dm-3 tetraborate buffer, pH 7 and 9), the stain broadening of sandalwood, logwood, acaroid, dragon blood, and brazil was observed. Carminic acid, haematein and purpurin were not detected. A comparison of CZE and MEKC showed that MEKC was superior as it permits separation of all analytes, using 0.015 mol·dm-3 sodium dodecyl sulfate in 0.01 mol·dm-3 tetraborate buffer, pH 8.5, at a voltage of 20 kV. The developed method was validated and applied to the identification of dyes in Rubia tinctorum, Rubia cordifolia, and in the mycelium of fungi...
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